The impact of pets on anxiety and depression in older adults: an integrative review

Abstract

The aging population is growing rapidly, presenting challenges to the mental health of older adults. Anxiety and depression are common conditions in this age group, negatively affecting quality of life. Alternatives that promote emotionally healthy aging are increasingly important. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the impact of pets on the healthy aging process, emphasizing protection against anxiety and depression in the elderly. METHODOLOGY: An integrative review was conducted using the PubMed and SciELO databases. Articles in Portuguese, Spanish, and English published between 2013 and 2024 were included. The descriptors “anxiety,” “depression,” “pets,” and “elderly” were used, connected with the boolean operator “and”. Studies that simultaneously addressed aging, anxiety and depression, and pets were included. RESULTS: Of the 22 studies found, 7 met the inclusion criteria. Frequent interaction with pets proved beneficial in reducing anxiety and providing emotional support, but ownership alone showed no significant impact on depression. Dog owners showed lower anxiety, while cat ownership was associated with more depressive symptoms, especially in women. One study reported benefits even with small animals, such as insects. Effects vary depending on species, bond, and social context. CONCLUSION: Pet interaction may reduce anxiety and enhance emotional well-being in older adults, but pet ownership alone does not mitigate depression. Future studies should consider species, emotional bond, and environment.